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The creation
of fowl and water animals.
1. And God said
"Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle and
creeping things, and beast of the earth after his kind; and it was so." The
command of God advanced step by step and earth thus received her adornment.
Yesterday it was said, "Let the waters produce moving things," and to-day
"let the earth bring forth the living creature." Is the earth then alive?
And are the mad-minded Manichaeans right in giving it a soul? At these words
"Let the earth bring forth," it did not produce a germ contained in it, but
He who gave the order at the same time gifted it with the grace and power
to bring forth. When the earth had heard this command "Let the earth bring
forth grass and the tree yielding fruit," it was not grass that it had hidden
in it that it caused to spring forth, it did not bring to the surface a palm
tree, an oak, a cypress, hitherto kept back in its depths. It is the word
of God which forms the nature of things created. "Let the earth bring forth;"
that is to say not that she may bring forth that which she has but that she
may acquire that which she lacks, when God gives her the power. Even so now,
"Let the earth bring forth the living creature," not the living creature
that is contained in herself, but that which the command of God gives her.
Further, the Manichaeans contradict themselves, because if the earth has
brought forth the life, she has left herself despoiled of life. Their execrable
doctrine needs no demonstration.
But why did the waters receive the command to bring forth the moving creature
that hath life and the earth to bring forth the living creature? We conclude
that, by their nature, swimming creatures appear only to have an imperfect
life, because they live in the thick element of water. They are hard of hearing,
and their sight is dull because they see through the water; they have no
memory, no imagination, no idea of social intercourse. Thus divine language
appears to indicate that, in aquatic animals, the carnal life originates
their psychic movements, whilst in terrestrial animals, gifted with a more
perfect life, the soul enjoys supreme authority. In fact the greater part
of quadrupeds have more power of penetration in their senses; their apprehension
of present objects is keen, and they keep all exact remembrance of the past.
It seems therefore, that God, after the command given to the waters to bring
forth moving creatures that have life, created simply living bodies for aquatic
animals, whilst for terrestrial animals He commanded the soul to exist and
to direct the body, showing thus that the inhabitants of the earth are gifted
with greater vital force. Without doubt terrestrial animals are devoid of
reason. At the same tithe how many affections of the soul each one of them
expresses by the voice of nature! They express by cries their joy and sadness,
recognition of what is familiar to them, the need of food, regret at being
separated from their companions, and numberless emotions. Aquatic animals,
on the contrary, are not only dumb; it is impossible to tame them, to teach
them, to train them for man's society. "The ox knoweth his owner, and the
ass his master's crib." But the fish does not know who feeds him. The ass
knows a familiar voice, he knows the road which he has often trodden, and
even, if man loses his way, he sometimes serves him as a guide. His hearing
is more acute than that of any other terrestrial animal. What animal of the
sea can show so much rancour and resentment as the camel? The camel conceals
its resentment for a long time after it has been struck, until it finds an
opportunity, and then repays the wrong. Listen, you whose heart does not
pardon, you who practise vengeance as a virtue; see what you resemble when
you keep your anger for so long against your neighbour like a spark, hidden
in the ashes, and only waiting for fuel to set your heart ablaze!
2. "Let the earth bring forth a living soul." Why did the earth produce a
living soul? so that you may make a difference between the soul of cattle
and that of man. You will soon learn how the human soul was formed; hear
now about the soul of creatures devoid of reason. Since, according to Scripture,
"the life of every creature is in the blood," as the blood when thickened
changes into flesh, and flesh when corrupted decomposes into earth, so the
soul of beasts is naturally an earthy substance. "Let the earth bring forth
a living soul." See the affinity of the soul with blood, of blood with flesh,of
flesh with earth; and remounting in an inverse sense from the earth to the
flesh, from the flesh to the blood, from the blood to the soul, you will
find that the soul of beasts is earth. Do not suppose that it is older than
the essence of their body, nor that it survives the dissolution of the flesh;
avoid the nonsense of those arrogant philosophers who do not blush to liken
their soul to that of a dog; who say that they have been formerly themselves
women, shrubs, fish. Have they ever been fish? I do not know; but I do not
fear to affirm that in their writings they show less sense than fish. "Let
the earth bring forth the living creature." Perhaps many of you ask why there
is such a long silence in the middle of the rapid rush of my discourse. The
more studious among my auditors will not be ignorant of the reason why words
fail me. What! Have I not seen them look at each other, and make signs to
make me look at them, and to remind me of what I have passed over? I have
forgotten a part of the creation, and that one of the most considerable,
and my discourse was almost finished without touching upon it. "Let the waters
bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life and fowl that may
fly above the earth in the open firmament, of heaven." I spoke of fish as
long as eventide allowed: to-day we have passed to the examination of terrestrial
animals; between the two, birds have escaped us. We are forgetful like travellers
who unmindful of some important object, are obliged, although they be far
on their road, to retrace their steps, punished for their negligence by the
weariness of the journey. So we have to turn back. That which we have omitted
is not to be despised. It is the third part of the animal creation, if indeed
there are three kinds of animals, land, winged and water.
"Let the waters" it is said "bring forth abundantly moving creature that
hath life and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of
heaven." Why do the waters give birth also to birds? Because there is, so
to say, a family link between the creatures that fly and those that swim.
In the same way that fish cut the waters, using their fins to carry them
forward and their tails to direct their movements round and round and
straightforward, so we see birds float in the air by the help of their wings.
Both endowed with the property of swimming, their common derivation from
the waters has made them of one family. At the same time no bird is without
feet, because finding all its food upon the earth it cannot do without their
service. Rapacious birds have pointed claws to enable them to close on their
prey; to the rest has been given the indispensable ministry of feet to seek
their food and to provide for the other needs of life. There are a few who
walk badly, whose feet are neither suitable for walking nor for preying.
Among this number are swallows, incapable of walking and seeking their prey,
and the birds called swifts who live on little insects carried about by the
air. As to the swallow, its flight, which grazes the earth, fulfils the function
of feet.
3. There are also innumerable kinds of birds. If we review them all, as we
have partly done the fish, we shall find that under one name, the creatures
which fly differ infinitely in size, form and colour; that in their life,
their actions and their manners, they present a variety equally beyond the
power of description. Thus some have tried to imagine names for them of which
the singularity and the strangeness might, like brands, mark the distinctive
character of each kind known. Some, as eagles, have been called Schizoptera,
others Dermoptera, as the bats, others Ptilota, as wasps, others Coleoptera,
as beetles and all those insects which brought forth in cases and coverings,
break their prison to fly away in liberty. But we have enough words of common
usage to characterise each species and to mark the distinction which Scripture
sets up between clean and unclean birds. Thus the species of carnivora is
of one sort and of one constitution which suits their manner of living, sharp
talons, curved beak, swift wings, allowing them to swoop easily upon their
prey and to tear it up after having seized it. The constitution of those
who pick up seeds is different, and again that of those who live on all they
come across. What a variety in all these creatures! Some are gregarious,
except the birds of prey who know no other society than conjugal union; but
innumerable kinds, doves, cranes, starlings, jackdaws, like a common life.
Among them some live without a chief and in a sort of independence; others,
as cranes, do not refuse to submit themselves to a leader. And a fresh difference
between them is that some are stationary and non-migratory; others undertake
long voyages and the greater part of them, migrate at the approach of winter.
Nearly all birds can be tamed and are capable of training, except the weakest,
who through fear and timidity cannot bear the constant and annoying contact
of the hand. Some like the society of man and inhabit our dwellings; others
delight in mountains and in desert places. There is a great difference too
in their peculiar notes. Some twitter and chatter, others are silent, some
have a melodious and sonorous voice, some are wholly inharmonious and incapable
of song; some imitate the voice of many taught their mimicry either by nature
or training; others always give forth the same monotonous cry. The cock is
proud; the peacock is vain of his beauty; doves and fowls are amorous, always
seeking each other's society. The partridge is deceitful and jealous, lending
perfidious help to the huntsmen to seize their prey.
4. What a variety, I have said, in the actions and lives of flying creatures.
Some of these unreasoning creatures even have a government, if the feature
of government is to make the activity of all the individuals centre in one
common end. This may be observed in bees. They have a common dwelling place;
they fly in the air together, they work at the same work together; and what
is still more extraordinary is that they give themselves to these labours
under the guidance of a king and superintendent, and that they do not allow
themselves to fly to the meadows without seeing if the king is flying at
their head. As to this king, it is not election that gives him this authority;
ignorance on the part of the people often puts the worst man in power; it
is not fate; the blind decisions of fate often give authority to the most
unworthy. It is not heredity that places him on the throne; it is only too
common to see the children of kings, corrupted by luxury and flattery, living
in ignorance of all virtue. It is nature which makes the king of the bees,
for nature gives him superior size, beauty, and sweetness of character. He
has a sting like the others, but he does not use it to revenge himself. It
is a principle of natural and unwritten law, that those who are raised to
high office, ought to be lenient in punishing. Even bees who do not follow
the example of their king, repent without delay of their imprudence, since
they lose their lives with their sting. Listen, Christians, you to whom it
is forbidden to "recompense evil for evil" and commanded "to overcome evil
with good." Take the bee for your model, which constructs its cells without
injuring any one and without interfering with the goods of others. It gathers
openly wax from the flowers with its mouth, drawing in the honey scattered
over them like dew, and injects it into the hollow of its cells. Thus at
first honey is liquid; time thickens it and gives it its sweetness. The book
of Proverbs has given the bee the most honourable and the best praise by
calling her wise and industrious. How much activity she exerts in gathering
this precious nourishment, by which both kings and men of low degree are
brought to health! How great is the art and cunning she displays in the
construction of the store houses which are destined to receive the honey!
After having spread the wax like a thin membrane, she distributes it in
contiguous compartments which, weak though they are, by their number and
by their mass, sustain the whole edifice. Each cell in fact holds to the
one next to it, and is separated by a thin partition; we thus see two or
three galleries of cells built one upon the other. The bee takes care not
to make one vast cavity, for fear it might break trader the weight of the
liquid, and allow it to escape. See how the discoveries of geometry are mere
by-works to the wise bee!
The rows of honey-comb are all hexagonal with equal sides. They do not bear
on each other in straight lines, lest the supports should press on empty
spaces between and give way; but the angles of the lower hexagons serve as
foundations and bases to those which rise above, so as to furnish a sure
support to the lower mass, and so that each cell may securely keep the liquid
honey.
5. How shall we make an exact review of all the peculiarities of the life
of birds? During the night cranes keep watch in turn; some sleep, others
make the rounds and procure a quiet slumber for their companions. After having
finished his duty, the sentry utters a cry, and goes to sleep, and the one
who awakes, in his turn, repays the security which he has enjoyed. You will
see the same order reign in their flight. One leads the way, and when it
has guided the flight of the flock for a certain time, it passes to the rear,
leaving to the one who comes after the care of directing the march.
The conduct of storks comes very near intelligent reason. In these regions
the same season sees them all migrate. They all start at one given signal.
And it seems to me that our crows, serving them as escort. go to bring them
back, and to help them against the attacks of hostile birds. The proof is
that in this season not a single crow appears, and that they return with
wounds, evident marks of the help and of the assistance that they have lent.
Who has explained to them the laws of hospitality? Who has threatened them
with the penalties of desertion? For not one is missing from the company.
Listen, all inhospitable hearts, ye who shut your doors, whose house is never
open either in the winter or in the night to travellers. The solicitude of
storks for their old would be sufficient, if our children would reflect upon
it, to make them love their parents; because there is no one so failing in
good sense, as not to deem it a shame to be surpassed in virtue by birds
devoid of reason. The storks surround their father, when old age makes his
feathers drop off, warm him with their wings, and provide abundantly for
his support, and even in their flight they help him as much as they are able,
raising him gently on each side upon their wings, a conduct so notorious
that it has given to gratitude the name of "antipelargosis." Let no one lament
poverty; let not the man whose house is bare despair of his life, when he
considers the industry of the swallow. To build her nest, she brings bits
of straw in her beak; and, as she cannot raise the mud in her claws, she
moistens the end of her wings in water and then rolls in very fine dust and
thus procures mud. After having united, little by little, the bits of straw
with this mud, as with glue, she feeds her young; and if any one of them
has its eyes injured, she has a natural remedy to heal the sight of her little
ones.
This sight ought to warn you not to take to evil ways on account of poverty;
and, even if you are reduced to the last extremity, not to lose all hope;
not to abandon yourself to inaction and idleness, but to have recourse to
God. If He is so bountiful to the swallow, what will He not do for those
who call upon Him with all their heart?
The halcyon is a sea bird, which lays its eggs along the shore, or deposits
them in the sand. And it lays in the middle of winter, when the violence
of the winds dashes the sea against the land. Yet all winds are hushed, and
the wave of the sea grows calm, during the seven days that the halcyon sits.
For it only takes seven days to hatch the young. Then, as they are in need
of food so that they may grow, God, in His munificence, grants another seven
days to this tiny animal. All sailors know this, and call these days halcyon
days. If divine Providence has established these marvellous laws in favour
of creatures devoid of reason, it is to induce you to ask for your salvation
from God. Is there a wonder which He will not perform for you--you have been
made in His image, when for so little a bird, the great, the fearful sea
is held in check and is commanded in the midst of winter to be calm.
6. It is said that the turtle-dove, once separated from her mate, does not
contract a new union, but remains in widowhood, in remembrance of her first
alliance. Listen, O women! What veneration for widowhood, even in these creatures
devoid of reason, how they prefer it to an unbecoming multiplicity of marriages.
The eagle shows the greatest injustice in the education which she gives to
her young. When she has hatched two little ones, she throws one on the ground,
thrusting it out with blows from her wings, and only acknowledges the remaining
one. It is the difficulty of finding food which has made her repulse the
offspring she has brought forth. But the osprey, it is said, will not allow
it to perish, she carries it away and brings it up with her young ones. Such
are parents who, finder the plea of poverty, expose their children such are
again those who, in the distribution of their inheritance, make unequal
divisions. Since they have given existence equally to each of their children,
it is just that they should equally and without preference furnish them with
the means of livelihood. Beware of imitating the cruelty of birds with hooked
talons. When they see their young are from henceforth capable of encountering
the air in their flight, they throw them out of the nest, striking them and
pushing them with their wings, and do not take the least care of them. The
love of the crow for its young is laudable! When they begin to fly, she follows
them, gives them food, and for a very long time provides for their nourishment.
Many birds have no need of union with males to conceive. But their eggs are
unfruitful, except those of vultures, who more often, it is said, bring forth
without coupling: and this although they have a very long life, which often
reaches its hundredth year. Note and retain, I pray you, this point in the
history of birds; and if ever you see any one laugh at our mystery, as if
it were impossible and contrary to nature that a virgin should become a mother
without losing the purity of her virginity, bethink you that He who would
save the faithful by the foolishness of preaching, has given us beforehand
in nature a thousand reasons for believing in the marvellous.
7. "Let the waters bring forth the moving creatures that have life, and fowl
that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven." They received
the command to fly above the earth because earth provides them with nourishment.
"In the firmament of heaven," that is to say, as we have said before, in
that part of the air called ouranos, heaven, from the word oran, which means
to see; called firmament, because the air which extends over our heads, compared
to the aether, has greater density, and is thickened by the vapours which
exhale from the earth. You have then heaven adorned, earth beautified, the
sea peopled with its own creatures, the air filled with birds which scour
it in every direction. Studious listener, think of all these creations which
God has drawn out of nothing, think of all those which my speech has left
out, to avoid tediousness, and not to exceed my limits; recognise everywhere
the wisdom of God; never cease to wonder, and, through, every creature, to
glorify the Creator.
There are some kinds of birds which live by night in the midst of darkness;
others which fly by day in fall light. Bats, owls, night-ravens are birds
of night: if by chance you cannot sleep, reflect on these nocturnal birds
and their peculiarities and glorify their Maker. How is it that the nightingale
is always awake when sitting on her eggs, passing the night in a continual
melody? How is it that one animal, the bat, is at the same time quadruped
and fowl? That it is the only one of the birds to have teeth? That it is
viviparous like quadrupeds, and traverses the air, raising itself not upon
wings, but upon a kind of membrane? What natural love bats have for each
other! How they interlace like a chain and hang the one upon the other! A
very rare spectacle among men, who flit the greater part prefer individual
and private life to the union of common life. Have not those who give themselves
up to vain science the eyes of owls? The sight of the owl, piercing during
the night time, is dazzled by the splendour of the sun; thus the intelligence
of these men, so keen to contemplate vanities, is blind in presence of the
true light.
During the day, also, how easy it is for you to admire the Creator everywhere!
See how the domestic cock calls you to work with his shrill cry, and how,
forerunner of the sun, and early as the traveller, he sends forth labourers
to the harvest! What vigilance in geese! With what sagacity they divine secret
dangers! Did they not once upon a time save the imperial city? When enemies
were advancing by subterranean passages to possess themselves of the capitol
of Rome, did not geese announce the danger? Is there any kind of bird whose
nature offers nothing for our admiration? Who announces to the vultures that
there will be carnage when men march in battle array against one another?
You may see flocks of vultures following armies and calculating the result
of warlike preparations; a calculation very nearly approaching to human
reasoning. How can I describe to you the fearful invasions of locusts, which
rise everywhere at a given signal, and pitch their camps all over a country?
They do not attack crops until they have received the divine command. Or
shall I describe how the remedy for this curse, the thrush, follows them
with its insatiable appetite, and the devouring nature that the loving God
has given it in His kindness for men? How does the grasshopper modulate its
song? Why is it more melodious at midday owing to the air that it breathes
in dilating its chest?
But it appears to me that in wishing to describe the marvels of winged creatures,
I remain further behind than I should if my feet had tried to match the rapidity
of their flight. When you see bees, wasps, in short all those flying creatures
called insects, because they have an incision all around reflect that they
have neither respiration nor lungs, and that they are supported by air through
all parts of their bodies. Thus they perish. if they are covered with oil,
because it stops up their pores. Wash them with vinegar, the pores reopen
and the animal returns to life. Our God has created nothing unnecessarily
and has omitted nothing that is necessary. If now you cast your eyes upon
aquatic creatures, you will find that their organization is quite different.
Their feet are not split like those of the crow, nor hooked like those of
the carnivora, but large and membraneous; therefore they can easily swim,
pushing the water with the membranes of their feet as with oars. Notice how
the swan plunges his neck into the depths of the water to draw his food from
it, and you will understand the wisdom of the Creator in giving this creature
a neck longer than his feet, so that he may throw it like a line, and take
the food hidden at the bottom of the water.
8. If we simply read the words of Scripture we find only a few short syllables.
"Let the waters bring forth fowl that may fly above the earth in the open
firmament of heaven," but if we enquire into the meaning of these words,
then the great wonder of the wisdom of the Creator appears. What a difference
He has foreseen among winged creatures! How He has divided them by kinds!
How He has characterized each one of them by distinct qualities! But the
day will not suffice me to recount the wonders of the air. Earth is calling
me to describe wild beasts, reptiles and cattle, ready to show us in her
turn sights rivalling those of plants, fish, and birds. "Let the earth bring
forth the living soul" of domestic animals, of wild beasts, and of reptiles
after their kind. What have you to say, you who do not believe in the change
that Paul promises you in the resurrection, when you see so many metamorphoses
among creatures of the air? What are we not told of the horned worm of India!
First it changes into a caterpillar, then becomes a buzzing insect, and not
content with this form, it clothes itself, instead of wings, with loose,
broad plates. Thus, O women, when you are seated busy with your weaving,
I mean of the silk which is sent you by the Chinese to make your delicate
dresses, remember the metamorphoses of this creature, conceive a clear idea
of the resurrection, and do not refuse to believe in the change that Paul
announces for all men.
But I am ashamed to see that my discourse oversteps the accustomed limits;
if I consider the abundance of matters on which I have just discoursed to
you, I feel that I am being borne beyond bounds; but when I reflect upon
the inexhaustible wisdom which is displayed in the works of creation, I seem
to be but at the beginning of my story. Nevertheless, I have not detained
you so long without profit. For what would you have done until the evening?
You are not pressed by guests, nor expected at banquets. Let me then employ
this bodily fast to rejoice your souls. You have often served the flesh for
pleasure, to-day persevere in the ministry of the soul. "Delight thyself
also in the Lord and he shall give thee the desire of thine heart." Do you
love riches? Here are spiritual riches. "The judgments of the Lord are true
and righteous altogether. More to be desired are they than gold and precious
stones." Do you love enjoyment and pleasures? Behold the oracles of the Lord,
which, for a healthy soul, are "sweeter than honey and the honey-comb." If
I let you go, and if I dismiss this assembly, some will run to the dice,
where they will find bad language, sad quarrels and the pangs of avarice.
There stands the devil, inflaming the fury of the players with the dotted
bones, transporting the same sums of money from one side of the table to
the other, now exalting one with victory and throwing the other into despair,
now swelling the first with boasting and covering his rival with confusion.
Of what use is bodily fasting and filling the soul with innumerable evils?
He who does not play spends his leisure elsewhere. What frivolities come
from his mouth! What follies strike his ears Leisure without the fear of
the Lord is, for those who do not know the value of time a school of vice.
I hope that my words will be profitable; at least by occupying you here they
have prevented you from sinning. Thus the longer I keep you, the longer you
are out of the way of evil.
An equitable judge will deem that I have said enough, not if he considers
the riches of creation, but if he thinks of our weakness and of the measure
one ought to keep in that which tends to pleasure. Earth has welcomed you
with its own plants, water with its fish, air with its birds; the continent
in its turn is ready to offer you as rich treasures. But let us put an end
to this morning banquet, for fear satiety may blunt your taste for the evening
one. May He who has filled all with the works of His creation and has left
everywhere visible memorials of His wonders, fill your hearts with all spiritual
joys in Jesus Christ, our Lord, to whom belong glory and power, world without
end. Amen. |
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